| Bethel, Alaska Mamterillermiut Orutsararmuit |
|
|---|---|
| — City — | |
| Aerial view of Bethel on the Kuskokwim River | |
| Location of Bethel within the state of Alaska | |
| Coordinates: | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | Unorganized |
| Census Area | Bethel |
| ANCSA regional corporation | Calista |
| Incorporated | 1957 |
| Government[1][2] | |
| • Type | 2nd Class City |
| • Mayor | Joseph Klejka joshua klejkas father |
| • City Manager | Lee Foley |
| Area[2] | |
| • Total | 48.9 sq mi (126.5 km2) |
| • Land | 43.8 sq mi (113.3 km2) |
| • Water | 5.1 sq mi (13.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 3 ft (1 m) |
| Population (2006) | |
| • Total | 6,356 |
| • Density | 125.0/sq mi (48.3/km2) |
| • % Alaska Native | 62 |
| Time zone | AST (UTC-9) |
| • Summer (DST) | ADT (UTC-8) |
| ZIP code | 99559 |
| Area code | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-06520 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1398908 |
| Website | City of Bethel |
Bethel (Mamterilleq in Central Alaskan Yup'ik) is a city located near the west coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, 340 miles (550 km) west of Anchorage. Accessible only by air and river, Bethel is the main port on the Kuskokwim River and is an administrative and transportation hub for the 56 villages in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta.
Bethel is the largest community in western Alaska and in the Unorganized Borough, as well as the 9th largest in the state, with a population estimated to be 6,356 in 2006.[3] Bethel is home to the lone detention center in southwestern Alaska, the Yukon Kuskokwim Correction Center.[4] In 2009, Bethel opted out of status as a "Local Option" community, theoretically opening the door to allowing alcohol sales in the city; residents and city officials maintain that all liquor license requests will be actively opposed.[5]
Annual events in Bethel include a noted dogsled race, the Kuskokwim 300, and Camai, a traditional Yupik dance festival held each spring.
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Southwestern Alaska was for thousands of years the traditional place of Yup'ik people and their ancestors. They called their village Mamterillermiut, meaning "Smokehouse People", after their nearby fish smokehouse.[6] It was an Alaska Commercial Company trading post during the late 19th century, and had a population of 41 people in the 1880 U.S. Census.
In 1885, the Moravian Church established a mission in the area in 1885, under the leadership of Rev. John Henry Kilbuck, Jr., a Lenape, and his wife Edith, a daughter and grand-daughter of Moravian missionaries in Kansas. They both learned Yup'ik, which greatly enhanced their effectiveness as missionaries. He made Uup'ik the language of the Moravian Church in the community and region, and helped translate scripture into the people's language. The missionaries moved Bethel from Mamterillermiut to its present location on the west side of the Kuskokwim River. A United States Post Office was opened in 1905.
Alaska Natives in this area have had a long Christian history, in part from Russian Orthodox, Catholic and Moravian influence. As in many Alaska Native villages, Christian tradition has become interwoven with the people's original culture.
Development came to the area during and after World War II, causing social disruption among the Alaska Natives.
In 1971 Bethel established a community radio, which has been a strong influence in the redevelopment and revival of Yupik culture and self-definition.[7] It was the first Native-owned and operated radio station.[8] Similar stations were soon started in Kotzebue and by 1990, there were 10 stations in communities of fewer than 3500 people.[7]
Bethel is located at (60.792222, −161.755833)[9].
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 48.8 square miles (126 km2). 43.8 square miles (113 km2) of it is land and 5.1 square miles (13 km2) of it (10.39%) is water.
Though the region is flat and generally treeless, Bethel lies inside the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, the second largest wildlife refuge in the United States.
Bethel has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), with long, somewhat snowy, and very cold winters, and short, mild summers. Monthly daily average temperatures range from 6.6 °F (−14.1 °C) in January to 56.0 °F (13.3 °C) in July, with an annual mean of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Warm days of above 70 °F (21 °C) can be expected on 13 days per summer,.[10] Precipitation is both most frequent and greatest during the summer months, averaging 16.2 inches (411 mm) per year. Snowfall usually falls in light bouts, and is actually greater in November and December than in January and February, averaging 45 inches (114 cm) a season. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −48 °F (−44 °C) to 90 °F (32 °C).
| Climate data for Bethel, Alaska | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 49 (9) |
51 (11) |
53 (12) |
63 (17) |
80 (27) |
90 (32) |
86 (30) |
87 (31) |
76 (24) |
65 (18) |
60 (16) |
49 (9) |
90 (32) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 12.4 (−10.9) |
13.9 (−10.1) |
21.8 (−5.7) |
33.3 (0.7) |
49.4 (9.7) |
59.4 (15.2) |
63.1 (17.3) |
59.7 (15.4) |
51.7 (10.9) |
35.3 (1.8) |
23.1 (−4.9) |
15.6 (−9.1) |
36.6 (2.6) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 0.7 (−17.4) |
1.3 (−17.1) |
7.2 (−13.8) |
18.4 (−7.6) |
33.1 (0.6) |
43.3 (6.3) |
48.8 (9.3) |
47.5 (8.6) |
39.1 (3.9) |
24.7 (−4.1) |
11.7 (−11.3) |
3.2 (−16.0) |
23.3 (−4.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −48 (−44) |
−40 (−40) |
−42 (−41) |
−31 (−35) |
−5 (−21) |
28 (−2) |
30 (−1) |
28 (−2) |
18 (−8) |
−6 (−21) |
−31 (−35) |
−44 (−42) |
−48 (−44) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | .62 (15.7) |
.51 (13) |
.67 (17) |
.65 (16.5) |
.85 (21.6) |
1.60 (40.6) |
2.03 (51.6) |
3.02 (76.7) |
2.31 (58.7) |
1.43 (36.3) |
1.37 (34.8) |
1.12 (28.4) |
16.18 (411) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 5.8 (14.7) |
3.8 (9.7) |
6.5 (16.5) |
4.1 (10.4) |
1.7 (4.3) |
.1 (0.3) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
.3 (0.8) |
3.8 (9.7) |
8.9 (22.6) |
9.5 (24.1) |
44.5 (113) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 8.7 | 5.8 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 11.0 | 13.2 | 15.1 | 18.3 | 17.2 | 12.7 | 11.8 | 11.0 | 142.3 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 7.9 | 4.8 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 2.3 | .1 | 0 | 0 | .5 | 5.9 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 54.2 |
| Source: NOAA (normals, 1971−2000),[10] Weather.com (extremes) [11] | |||||||||||||
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1910 | 110 |
|
|
| 1920 | 221 | 100.9% | |
| 1930 | 278 | 25.8% | |
| 1940 | 376 | 35.3% | |
| 1950 | 651 | 73.1% | |
| 1960 | 1,258 | 93.2% | |
| 1970 | 2,416 | 92.1% | |
| 1980 | 3,576 | 48.0% | |
| 1990 | 4,674 | 30.7% | |
| 2000 | 5,471 | 17.1% | |
| 2010 | 6,080 | 11.1% | |
| source:[12] | |||
As of the census of 2000,[13] there were 5,471 people, 1,741 households, and 1,190 families residing in the city. The population density was 125.0 people per square mile (48.3/km²). There were 1,990 housing units at an average density of 45.5 per square mile (17.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 26.83% White, 0.93% Black or African American, 61.78% Native American, 2.87% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 6.91% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.70% of the population.
There were 1,741 households out of which 44.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.65.
The age distribution was 35.5% under 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 3.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 110.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $57,321, and the median income for a family was $62,431. Males had a median income of $45,321 versus $39,010 for females. The per capita income for the city is $20,267. About 10.6% of the families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under the age of 18 and 18.3% of those ages 64 and over.
The state-owned Bethel Airport is the regional transportation center, and is served by seven passenger carriers, including Alaska Airlines, Grant Aviation, Hageland Aviation Services, Yute Air and Frontier Flying Service. It also receives service from five cargo operators: Everts Air Cargo, Northern Air Cargo, Alaska Central Express, Arctic Transportation Services, and Lynden Air Cargo, and numerous small air taxi services including Renfro's Alaskan Adventures. The airport ranks third in the state for total number of flights. It offers a 6,400 foot asphalt runway and 1,850 foot gravel crosswind runway, and is currently undergoing a $7 million renovation and expansion. Three float plane bases are nearby: Hangar Lake, H Marker Lake, and the Kuskokwim River.
The Port of Bethel is the northernmost medium-draft port in the United States. River travel is the primary means of local transportation in the summer. A Bethel-based barge service provides goods to Kuskokwim villages.
Within Bethel there are approximately 16 miles (26 km) of roads which are not connected to any contiguous highway system. Winter ice roads lead to several local villages, but their condition varies depending on temperature and snow fall. An extensive network of snow machine trails connects Bethel to villages all over the Delta, from the Bering Sea to the Yukon.
The town's single paved road—about 10 miles—supports a surprisingly large taxicab industry. With 93 taxi drivers, the town has more cab drivers per capita than any other city in the country, making it the unlikely taxicab capital of the United States. Most local cab drivers are Albanian or South Korean immigrants lured north by reports of good money.[14]
A relatively recent addition to the economy of Bethel is farming. Initiated by a small organic farm, local food production in Bethel has been increasing.[15] A winner of the Alaska Marketplace competition, the Meyers Farm has been providing organic produce for the local population of Bethel.
Bethel is also the site of a proposed major, relative to Alaska, coal powered generating station, and a unique 8.5-mile (13.7 km) prototype single-wire earth return electrical intertie to Napakiak, Alaska, constructed in 1981.[16]
MikeInguut Elitnaurviat elemantary school
Bethel Regional High school
Bethel Alternative Boarding school
Kuskokwim campus University of Alaska-Fairbanks
Bethel is home to a noted mid-distance dogsled race, the Kuskokwim 300. Held every January since 1980, the race commemorates an early mail route that once tied the settlement to the outside world. Top mushers and hundreds of sled dogs participate in the race for a purse of $100,000, the largest offered by any 300-mile (480 km) sled dog race.[17]
Local recreational activities include snow machining, skiing, bicycling, kayaking, caribou hunting, and salmon fishing.
Traditional dancers from all over Alaska and beyond participate every March in the Camai Dance Festival. Hundreds of costumed dancers, drummers, and singers perform traditional Yup'ik story dances during the three-day festival, sponsored by the Bethel Council on the Arts. "Camai" (pronounced Cha-Mai) translates as "a warm hello."[18]
Bethel has a public television station, KYUK-TV, and two radio stations, public KYUK and private KYKD. Since the founding of its community radio station in 1970, the media has become part of Yupik development in southwest Alaska and important to the people's self-definition.[7] The city is also home to the weekly regional newspapers Delta Discovery and Tundra Drums.
Bethel has one official sister city.
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